Georg Schett had two things: a young patient deathly ill with lupus, and a couple of mouse studies raising the possibility that special T cells could tame the condition.
The German physician-scientist could produce the cells — chimeric antigen receptors, or CARs — at his institution, which was half the battle. Another hurdle: The patient’s parents. “They were like, ‘Don’t do that. You’re crazy,’” recalled Fabian Müller, Schett’s collaborator at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. A widespread fear at the time was that T cells would trigger or worsen autoimmune disease.
The rest of the story is the rare scientific fairy tale: The patient got better. Five years on, she is still in remission, and working in the very clinic where she was treated. Her case upended the world of autoimmune disease, driving a flood of experimentation and investment and offering new hope to millions of patients.
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